Development and Evolution of the Human Neocortex PMC

Table Of Content

• Increased Neurogenesis and Progenitor Cell Diversity
• How unique is the human neocortex?
• Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Brain
• Evolution
• Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2

To illustrate the effect of these progenitor cells on the rate of neurogenesis, we model and contrast the outcomes in neuronal number from developmental schemes that utilize OSVZ proliferation versus ones that do not. In every case, we start with two radial glial (RG) cells and plot neuron number over the course of eight cell cycles. The identification of the VZ as a site of asymmetric divisions and the SVZ as a site of symmetric divisions altered hypotheses regarding neocortical expansion. Independently of RG divisions, the number of symmetric IP cell divisions could also affect neuron number and be a determinant of neocortical size. Furthermore, expansion of founder cells within the VZ can only account in part for the neuron number observed in gyrencephalic species, as neocortical surface area is disproportionately expanded compared to the ventricular surface area, which remains relatively modest.

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Increased Neurogenesis and Progenitor Cell Diversity

These observations suggest that oRG cells, although infrequent in some species, are part of a conserved developmental mechanism that can be studied in mice. Studies of the human brain and comparisons of developmental proliferative zones between species may ultimately help to explain what makes the human brain unique. It is commonly thought that the exceptional cognitive abilities of humans are related to the large size of the neocortex. Recent evidence has shown that primates have greater neuronal density (neuron number/brain mass) compared to rodents of equal brain mass, a feature that is likely related to the topological differences in foldedness that could have been influenced by OSVZ proliferation.

How unique is the human neocortex?

A reduction in functional cPCDH expression causes a lateral clustering of clonally related excitatory neurons originating from the same neural progenitor and a significant increase in synaptic connectivity. By contrast, overexpression of a single cPCDH isoform leads to a lateral dispersion of clonally related excitatory neurons and a considerable decrease in synaptic connectivity. These results suggest that patterned cPCDH expression biases fine spatial and functional organization of individual neocortical excitatory neurons in the mammalian brain. The studies summarized here suggest that an increase in sub-ventricular neurogenic divisions underlies the dramatic increase in neuron number in the evolutionary path to the human cerebral neocortex. In particular, oRG cells are the self-renewing building blocks of OSVZ proliferation and function to enhance both traditional roles of RG.

Analysis of Gene Expression in Human Brain

Β-catenin (CTNNB1) has also been established as a central regulator of proliferation versus differentiation in rodent neural progenitor cells. Β-catenin protein lies functionally at a crossroad between tissue architecture and regulation of the transcriptional activity that modifies cell fate, having dual roles as a component in the adherens junctions that link neuroepithelial/RG cells and as a transcriptional coactivator in the presence of Wnt signal. A later study tested the cell-autonomous role of β-catenin transcriptional activation by expressing ICAT or a dominant-negative version of TCF4, either of which blocks transcriptional activity by interfering with β-catenin/TCF4 complex formation (Woodhead et al., 2006). In this context, whereby neighboring cells provided a relatively normal radial scaffold, RG differentiated into neurons and migrated to the cortical plate, implying that β-catenin signaling suppresses neuronal differentiation and maintains progenitor cell proliferation independently of its role in adhesion. Observed increases in neuronal differentiation caused by β-catenin loss of function were preceded by increases in IP cell number, suggesting that β-catenin signaling restrains the development of IP cells from RG (Mutch et al., 2010). The divisions of oRG cells coupled with mitotic somal translocation begin to explain the radial growth of the OSVZ, as we can infer that oRG cells originate from the VZ, pass through the ISVZ, and leave a trail of daughter progenitor cells as they translocate basally.

However, the fibers provided by oRG cells are presumably still an important part of the scaffold for migrating neurons, functioning to guide cells part of the way toward the cortical plate. Dynamic imaging of oRG cell divisions in cultured slices of fetal neocortex shows that oRG cells exhibit a distinctive behavior whereby the cell soma rapidly ascends along the radial fiber during the hour preceding cell division, a process termed mitotic somal translocation (Figure 2B) (Hansen et al., 2010). This is in contrast to vRG cells, which undergo interkinetic nuclear migration and descend to the ventricle to undergo mitosis.

Regulation by Notch Signaling

An important insight came when HES1 expression was found to oscillate at 2–3 hr intervals in cultured cells due to negative autoregulation of Hes1 transcription (Hirata et al., 2002). Shimojo et al., (2008) discovered that HES1 control in RG is multifaceted, with the autonomous HES1 oscillatory circuit layered into a more pronounced level of regulation. HES1 protein was detected only during the phases of the cell cycle (late G1 through G2) when the cells were in the basal part of the VZ, but not during mitosis through early G1, when the cells were immediately adjacent to the ventricle. Furthermore, the oscillatory expression of HES1 in RG controls NEUROG2 and DLL1 expression and leads to their oscillation with inverse correlation. Therefore, RG are poised to generate neuronal progeny during periods of low HES1 expression.

Evolution

These are areas found in all studied primates.56 Likewise, there has been an expansion of motor cortex. Most mammals do not pay these costs, as they have smaller brains with less, or much less, neocortex, with less computational ability, which is balanced by earlier and often higher rates of reproduction, and typically reduced requirements for high grade food. From the examination of multiple species, a rough correlation can be made between the generation of three-layered, six-layered, and gyrencephalic neocortex and specific features of progenitor cell organization during development. The cortex of reptiles consists of three layers (Ulinski, 1974; Goffinet, 1983; Cheung et al., 2007) comparable to layers I, V, and VI in mammals, which are generated by a reptile homolog of RG, an ependymoradial glial cell (Weissman et al., 2003). Ependymoradial glia form a ventricular neuroepithelium, and there is no SVZ in the developing reptile dorsal cortex (Cheung et al., 2007).

Public Health Service and private philanthropic organizations that provided funding over the past four decades including NINDS, NEI, NIMH, NIDA, March of Dimes, NARSAD, NAAR and MOD Foundations and the Kavli Institute for Neuroscience at Yale. This collaborative Perspective, the result of a workshop held in 2023, proposes a set of community actions to increase the visibility of the developmental biology field. The authors make recommendations for new funding streams, frameworks for collaborations and mechanisms by which members of the community can promote themselves and their research.

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Furthermore, developmental similarities between the human and ferret show that increased OSVZ proliferation and oRG cells are not primate-specific features (Figure 7A). The percentage of progenitor cells in the SVZ/OSVZ of rodents, carnivores, ungulates, and primates shows a remarkable positive correlation with the degree of neocortical gyrification (Reillo et al., 2010). Thus, development of OSVZ proliferation appears to be an important general feature for increasing neuronal number and neocortical surface area throughout Eutheria.

The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and is the seat of our higher cognitive functions. This outstanding neural structure increased massively in size and complexity during evolution in a process recapitulated today during the development of extant mammals. Accordingly, defects in neocortical development commonly result in severe intellectual and social deficits.

So you have this big sheet of cells that’s responsible for everything, it looks the same, pretty much the same everywhere. If we want to think about intelligence, our ability to understand the world and see the world, there’s some parts that are more important than others. And I have to be very, I’m going to annoy some neuroscientists in this answer, because everyone cares about their little piece, but ’m gonna give the sort of big picture. Okay, well, so you know, the human nervous system is a complex thing.

Vernon Mountcastle went further and he said the neocortex is divided in what are called columns and mini-columns. And I worked on the first mobile computers and the first smartphones. But I really had to get myself out of it, because I wanted to get back to brains. I think you could say what we’re doing is reverse engineering the brain. But you know, what it means is we have this thing in front of us, we know it works, we have a lot of data on it.

Dyes applied to the pial surface can diffuse into a proportion of oRG cells in the OSVZ through their basal fibers (Hansen et al., 2010). However, oRG cell fibers labeled from the OSVZ may not all reach the pia because cells born locally are unlikely to grow basal fibers that traverse such a great distance. The same may be true of vRG cells that initially gave rise to oRG cells but did not inherit the basal fiber. Dye and genetic labeling studies in the ferret have recently shown that radial fibers originating in the VZ diverge and form a fanned array by the time that they reach the pial surface.

By examining the evolutionary history of these loci, coding and regulatory mutations in genes likely to have strong effects on human cortical development can be identified. Using this approach, Walsh’s group identified a regulatory region necessary for proper folding of the perisylvian gyrus in humans and demonstrated that the activity of this regulatory region has changed across mammals (Fig. 2B). The gene Foxp2 was also first identified by a similar genetic mapping approach as being necessary for normal language development, and Svante Pääbo provided an update on the functional significance of two human-specific amino acid substitutions in the gene (Fig. 2D).

The ideas that oRG cells expand in number within the OSVZ and that OSVZ proliferation correlates with gyrus formation are substantiated by experimental evidence in the ferret (Reillo et al., 2010). Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing retrovirus was delivered to the OSVZ of early postnatal ferret kits by stereotactic injection, followed by morphological analysis of labeled cells 2 days later. Because retrovirus labels only one of the two daughter cells following the initial cell division and because more than half of the labeled cells were reported to have oRG cell morphology, this ratio suggested a predominance of divisions in the OSVZ that result in two oRG cells (Reillo et al., 2010).

The expression patterns of Delta ligand (Campos et al., 2001) and Notch effector (Ohtsuka et al., 2006) suggested a scheme whereby Delta expressed on neuronally committed cells in the SVZ signals back to Notch receptors expressed on RG. This idea was tested by the removal of Mind-bomb1 (MIB1) (Yoon et al., 2008), an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is essential for generating functional Notch ligands (Itoh et al., 2003; Koo et al., 2005). MIB1 was expressed in neuronally committed TBR2-positive cells, and similar to studies of CBF1 deletion, its conditional knockdown in the neocortex also results in premature neuronal differentiation and depletion of RG cells. That isolated IP cells and postmitotic neurons stimulate HES1 activity in Notch-expressing neighboring cells in vitro further supports this idea. This study also raised the interesting possibility that the amount of time an IP cell pauses in the VZ before dividing or migrating away, a behavior that has been described as “sojourning” (Bayer and Altman, 1991; Noctor et al., 2004), could be related to its role in sustaining Notch activity in local RG cells. The neocortex is the most developed in its organisation and number of layers, of the cerebral tissues.[5] The neocortex consists of the grey matter, or neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers, surrounding the deeper white matter (myelinated axons) in the cerebrum.

Exosome Cell Therapy

Table Of Content

• Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2
• Evolution of cerebral cortex development
• Boost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro
• Developmental processes that may contribute to brain expansion
• Extended Data Fig. 12 PCDHγ removal does not affect the basic membrane properties of neocortical excitatory neurons.
• Enhanced Transit Amplification in oRG Daughter Cells
• How unique is the human neocortex?

PRP and amniotic cell treatments are quick and affordable when compared to transplants and other surgical treatments. A complimentary hair restoration consultation with a medical provider at LA FUE Hair Clinic can help you learn what’s possible based on your genetics, degree of hair loss and age. At LA FUE Hair Clinic, our non-surgical treatment takes about an hour and uses the patient’s blood as the underpinning. The blood is centrifuged to separate the platelets, which have growth compounds, and then the platelets are mixed with vital growth cellpacked amniotic cells.

Source Data Extended Data Fig. 2

NUMB is a classic determinant of cell fate in dividing fly neuroblasts, where it localizes asymmetrically to the basal pole and promotes differentiation of the basal daughter cell by inhibiting the Notch pathway (Rhyu et al., 1994). In the context of vertebrate neural development, however, NUMB plays multiple roles in regulating RG cell polarity and differentiation. Though initially a matter of controversy (Zhong et al., 1996), mounting evidence supports the conserved role of NUMB as a determinant of neuronal fate in asymmetric RG cell divisions (Wakamatsu et al., 1999; Shen et al., 2002; Rasin et al., 2007). However, NUMB has an additional role in preserving apical-basal polarity within the mouse neuroepithelium (Rasin et al., 2007). NUMB, a known modulator of endocytosis, interacts and colocalizes with cadherins on the basolateral side of adherens junctions and with RAB11-positive endocytic vesicles.

Evolution of cerebral cortex development

It is thought to be responsible for the neuronal computations of attention, thought, perception and episodic memory. In the human brain, the cerebral cortex consists of the larger neocortex and the smaller allocortex, respectively taking up 90% and 10%.[4] The neocortex is made up of six layers, labelled from the outermost inwards, I to VI. Another trait that clearly emerged with placental mammals was the corpus callosum as a way, in addition to the anterior commissure, of connecting the neocortical areas of the two cerebral hemispheres.

Boost Your Brain with Mind Lab Pro

Global gene expression comparisons of normal versus αE-catenin-deleted brains showed that targets of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling were expressed at higher levels in mutants (Figure 6C). Chemical inhibition of Shh signaling rescues the overproliferation, but not the loss of cell polarity, in αE-catenin-deleted brains, implying a role for αE-catenin in suppressing Shh signaling in the developing cortex. Whether αE-catenin also regulates β-catenin signaling in RG has been controversial. A further study using αE-catenin conditional deleted mice found no evidence for changes in β-catenin nuclear activity using a number of assays, including quantification of protein levels, in vivo reporter activity, or quantification of downstream targets (Lien et al., 2008). However, another group reported that focal knockdown of αE-catenin phenocopied the removal of β-catenin signaling and promoted neuronal differentiation (Stocker and Chenn, 2009).

So our our thinking about how the brain works, is, is evolving and has evolved. And still, the field of neuroscience hasn’t coalesced about one idea here. Although we’re proposing, I’m proposing a very specific way of thinking about it.

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A semantic memory acts like a database wherein neurons move information from the different layers of the neocortex. It also plays an essential role in episodic memory – recalling important events in your life as well as spatial recognition, and auditory information, to name a few. It contains a huge number of neurons and each of the neurons has 10,000 connections (synapses) with other neurons. The vast number of neurons and neuronal connections could store every experience in life including those all five senses. (B) We take into account how RG cells give rise to IP cells that undergo one transit-amplifying division.

The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine or any other agency of the State of California. (D) oRG daughter cells exhibit protracted differentiation and have an increased capacity for transit amplification. And they were kind of like I mentioned earlier, they take a series of artificial neurons, they pass information into it.

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Over the following 6 weeks, the OSVZ expands dramatically to become the predominant germinal region in the neocortex. Importantly, the initial phase of OSVZ expansion does not occur at the expense of progenitor cells in the VZ/ISVZ, implying that the OSVZ is generated by proliferation rather than by delamination and migration of VZ progenitor cells. In cultured slices, oRG cells were sometimes observed to divide and produce another oRG cell (Figure 2C) (Hansen et al., 2010), suggesting that, though oRG cells likely originate from the VZ, they can also expand their numbers within the OSVZ. Alex Pollen (University of California, San Francisco, USA) presented one strategy for identifying human-specific mutations that are likely to be functional. As Ponting noted, structural mutations tend to have larger effects than base pair substitutions, and regulatory mutations tend to underlie evolutionary changes in natural populations. Based on these signatures of evolutionary change, Pollen and colleagues identified 510 human-specific deletions that remove sequences conserved between chimpanzee, mouse and macaque (McLean et al., 2011) (Fig. 2C).

Early experimental studies of these fundamental questions indicated that the fate potential of cortical progenitors is temporally restricted, such that early progenitors can produce neurons for all cortical layers but late progenitors can produce neurons for superficial layers only34,37. Such late fate restriction would be cell-autonomous as late cortical progenitors continued producing superficial-layer neurons even when transplanted into the new cellular environment of a young host cortex34,37. The identification of a subset of RGCs that expressedCux2 and that were fate-restricted to produce upper-layer neurons further supported this model35. However, such fate-restricted progenitors have not been identified in single-cell transcriptomic studies28,33,38. Rather, some of these studies support the existence of epigenetically regulated temporal molecular birthmarks in RGCs, which act in their daughter neurons as seeds for neuronal diversity. It is proposed that these conserved differentiation programs may then be integrated with environmental (non-cell-autonomous) cues to ultimately define the identity of the neuronal progeny28,39,40.

Comparison between organoids grown from human and chimpanzee cells reveal human-specific features of cortical progenitor cells104 and the validity of these organoids to advance our understanding of human brain evolution105,106. The search for genetic mechanisms evolved in primate and human phylogeny which are likely relevant in the evolution of their neocortex, has led to the identification of primate-specific and human-specific genetic programs expressed in the developing cerebral cortex. These include whole collections of primate-specific miRNAs targeting cell cycle genes22 and also miRNA-mRNA modules in the embryonic human brain that undergo dynamic transitions during development and that identify expression networks in specific cell types86,87. As for protein-coding genes, recent studies have identified genes that emerged in the recent human lineage by means of total or partial duplication, and that promote cortical progenitor cell proliferation.

By filtering the list to identify deletions that may affect the expression of tumor-suppressor genes, and potentially releasing a brake on neurogenesis, Pollen identified two human-specific mutations that affect specific neural stem and progenitor populations. Future work to ‘humanize’ mice at these loci by re-creating the human-specific mutations will reveal the extent to which these mutations affect brain development. Understanding how unique the human neocortex is necessarily begins with a discussion of comparative neuroanatomy. Barbara Finlay (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA) discussed predictive relationships between the sizes of brain structures across species and argued that changes in neurodevelopmental schedules shape the evolution of major neuroanatomical differences. Notably, although different structures expanded in mammalian and avian lineages, within a lineage the overall scaling of brain structures remains predictable. In addition to the proteins that directly make up adherens junctions, other proteins that define the apical “identity” of RG are also critical for regulating the balance between proliferation and neurogenesis.

Consistent with previous reports, sustained overexpression of HES1 blocks expression of proneural genes, Notch ligands, and cell-cycle regulators—presumably locking the cells into a RG state but rendering them incapable of generating more differentiated progeny. Blockade of Notch signaling in RG has the opposite effect, whereby NEUROG2 and DLL1 switched from oscillatory to sustained expression, caused neuronal differentiation, and depleted the progenitor pool. These results show that, within the RG population, oscillatory expression of Notch-controlled genes is required for the simultaneous maintenance of progenitor identity and generation of neuronal progeny.

(A) Cells expressing the neuronal markers NeuN (RBFOX3, red) and CTIP2 (BCL11B, green) make up ~45% of the OSVZ population (gestational week [GW] 15.5) but never colabel with the progenitor cell marker SOX2 (blue, inset). As far as I know, we are I am sure one of the leading research labs in the world that have been doing sensory motor modeling and sensory motor inference and basing it on the the principles of the neocortex. So we have another team of people at Numenta that is working on sensory motor modeling, sensory motor inference, the four thousands brains theory, if you will.

The disparate findings between universal versus focal deletion of αE-catenin illustrate how tissue architecture can alter a cell-autonomous mutant phenotype and underscore how the RG intracellular signaling state is defined by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Gyrencephalic brain development is, of course, not limited to primates. Although cells in the ferret SVZ with oRG cell morphology had been reported previously, they were suggested to be translocating astrocytes (Voigt, 1989) or immature neurons undergoing somal translocation (Borrell et al., 2006).

35 Easy Hairstyles For Long Hair

Table Of Content

• Pastel Blue Braid and Low Bun
• Voluminous Balayage Updo
• Effortless Bubble Braids
• No Heat Kate Middleton Updo
• Mixed Braids

Both the style and chop are crucial so that your hair doesn’t seem so flat. You’ll love this easy long hairstyle. Another easy hairstyle for long hair is face-framing long layered hair. This look features soft, side-swept bangs that draw attention to the eyes. It has a low bun at the nape of the neck for an elegant appearance.

Pastel Blue Braid and Low Bun

Depending on the style, you can display a variety of personas. This particular braided style is great for long hair, because who doesn’t love long locks willowing from a ponytail? Hide that dreaded scrunchie by wrapping your hair around the base of your ponytail, creating one of the easiest casual hairstyles you can think of. Like anything in life, presentation is everything. Most don’t spend much time analyzing appearance of other people, they take in what they can at first glance and assess accordingly.

Voluminous Balayage Updo

If you’re aiming to straddle the line between edge and class, this look is ideal. Go for a romantic and tousled bridal updo on long hair. My favorite part about this look is that it’s a simple hairstyle.

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Effortless Bubble Braids

Fortunately, autumn provides a perfect starting point. Even more, you can create a sort of loop with the ponytail you gathered. When your locks are as curly as our model’s are, you may want to go for a simple side sweep.

No Heat Kate Middleton Updo

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Part your hair down the middle, taking care to ensure the part is straight and both sides are as even as possible. Then, bring either side in front of your shoulders. As you apply the mousse, scrunch your mane to create a loose, wavy texture.

Messy Bun Tutorial

Many people assume an updo is designed to be prim and proper, with an overall dressy look. However, your style can have the classic look of an updo without giving off the feel that you’re heading to your school’s semi-formal dance. This `do manages to be both classy and casual with a hint of simplicity.

Curly Claw-Clip Bun

The updo will sit gently right above your shoulders with two wavy pieces stylishly framing the face. A great option for a date night or a semi-formal event. Do your usual loose waves and imitate a half-up ponytail securing it with texture spray. Gather your hair into a high ponytail at the crown of your head, taking care to avoid any bumps.

Mixed Braids

This funky style centers on volume at the crown via blunt bangs, strategic layering, and lifted styling. Incorporate loose waves at eye- and jaw-level to achieve a similar jellyfish effect. Whether you opt to flat iron or you come by the texture naturally, a straight style that's cut long and blunt is polished and timeless. It's also ripe for super-subtle face-framing layers, should you ever feel the need.

Messy Updo with a Bun

It works both on naturally wavy hair and flat iron curls. Now, scroll further to see the gallery with amazing easy hairstyles for long hair to do at home and start practicing right away. "To get fake bangs you can go to any wig store to get them. The trick is trying to make them look real. I like a ponytail look with them," says Gibson. That said, if you have enough length, you can fake bangs with your hair. It works especially well on super curly textures. Just do a reverse ponytail with the hair falling forward over the forehead instead of back towards the nape of the neck.

Take a small section from your ponytail and wrap it around the hair tie to cover it up and give this updo a more formal look. Pin the ends under the ponytail with a bobby pin or two. Finish by curling your ponytail in a few sections for a quick and easy updo. You can “cheat” your way into a quick and easy updo with a sleek ponytail. Place it up high for a voluminous, spirited look and keep the look sleek by smoothing your hair carefully to remove any lumps. Gather and secure your hair at or near the crown with a hair tie.

This hairstyle couldn’t be simpler, which is welcome news to those who are used to the daily struggle of maintaining the health and harmony of long hair. For this ‘do, all you need is a strong hair elastic. Pull hair up and secure it into a ponytail on top of your head. Don’t pull that final loop through – let it lay halfway through for this classic warm weather bun.

30 Easy and Stylish Casual Updos for Long Hair

Table Of Content

• Curly Wolf Cut With Bangs
• Dutch Braid Hairstyle for Long Hair
• Find the Perfect Protein Shampoo for Your Hair Needs
• Messy Casual Updo For Long Hair
• Messy Bun

This is one of those easy updos for long hair that works even better on second-day hair. You can use the leftover texture to help create volume and fill out your low updo for a beautiful style. Gather the hair at the bottom and create a tucked chignon bun, securing with a hair tie and bobby pins as needed. Finally, drape the two front-side sections over the top of the chignon and secure with bobby pins before spraying to set the style.

Curly Wolf Cut With Bangs

An updo hairstyle is a vintage glamour low bun with texture and pin curls. The cutest thing about it is the design of the pin curls on the side and that it is guaranteed to stay looking polished all day for photos! It would be best to find the right stylist to do it. Getting a hair consultation before the appointment helps ensure the clients show up knowing what to expect and that the stylist is prepared. Products for this hairstyle are gel and a lot of hairspray, and bobby pins.

Dutch Braid Hairstyle for Long Hair

Don’t secure the braid – just take the ends and gather the rest of the loose hair from underneath in one hand. Secure with an elastic and bobby pins for the most staying power. Long hair can be wrapped up into a big, voluminous bun for a simple and quick updo that looks super posh and sophisticated. Start by creating a little boost of volume on the top in front of the crown with backcombing and hairspray. It looks difficult, and it is a little more involved than some of the other styles here. But once you get the hang of the technique, you’ll return to this updo again and again!

Find the Perfect Protein Shampoo for Your Hair Needs

This updo features loose twists on the crown that eventually swaddle into a beautiful bun. Starting from your parting, start twisting the sections, pulling hair out for volume and securing it with bobby pins every now and then. Once the twists are ready, gather the hair at the nape of your neck and pull it into a knot.

Get the best of both worlds with a half-up, half-down hairstyle. This dreamy knotted style is both easy and stylish. Chunky Twisted Bun Updo for Long Hair. They’re fast to whip up, easy to work with, and you can elegantly fashion them using a soft twist or a braid.

If you want this look, use Redken Windblown to get that full effect on your knot and a little help from Redken Powder Grip at your roots. If you don’t have much time, you can do overnight curls, spray some hairspray and pin them up. These long hair styles are such an effortless look to do! You don’t even need more than a bit of shoulder-length hair to do it. Low Pony with a Sculptured Crown for Prom. It takes a bit of practice, but in the end, it will totally wow everyone.

To achieve it, curl and tease your hair, then twist and pin individual sections. As you work your way up, secure the twisted sections with bobby pins. In the end, your masterpiece will seem more majestic than the Leaning Tower of Pisa. A low bun is a worthy addition to a romantic look. Women with thick hair can choose simple updos for long hair with a low bun or opt for a more complex option like this low twisted chignon for special events. High Updo for Long Hair with Hair Pins.

To get this style, make sure your hair is a little damp. Take large rollers and start wrapping individual sections of your hair around them. Leave the rollers in your hair until completely dry. Hide the volume clips under the top strands, and you’ll be amazed at your beautiful transformation. Pull your hair back as for a half up half down hairstyle and pin it in place, creating a small bouffant for the base. Move down grabbing new strands and looping them to the opposite side.

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15 Hairstyles with Bangs for Short, Medium, and Long Hair.

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Milkmaid Braids

Flowy loose waves and curls are super trendy, but we don’t always have time to curl your length with a curling wand or flat iron. The good news is that you can easily create this long hairstyle while you have your morning coffee or are busy with your make-up. All you need for this hairstyle are rollers for heatless curls and volume clips.

So I took to Instagram to scroll through the fashion set for some hairstyle inspiration. As a beauty editor (and someone who has always had long hair), I often find myself lacking hair inspiration. It seems silly given that I speak to top hairstylists and have tried countless hairstyling tools over the years. But the truth is I'm guilty of wearing my hair down most days and occasionally tonging my hair with loose curls if I'm heading somewhere special. But realistically, I'll probably spend five to 10 minutes max on my hair in the mornings, and I like no-fuss hairstyles that get me out of the door on time.

Wolf cuts are all about adding texture, so showing up to the salon with length and texture only furthers the final look. This waist-skimming shag is soft and romantic despite its funky flair. Strategic layers can create practically any shape. An elongated wolf cut with wispy fringe provides an effortless interpretation of the style.

The cascading style feels romantic and timeless—and still allows for an easy updo. Finger-raked curls with the correct cut and styling products allow your texture to reach longer lengths. Some thoughtful layers can help create a flattering, flowing shape. Of course, there’s also the option of straight out braiding your hair.

From messy to slick, topknots are a godsend for greasy hair days. An eye-catching look that’ll work with practically any daytime or evening ensemble sounds like the perfect hairstyle for long hair to us. As easy as it is effortlessly chic, this French braid half updo gets an added bit on interest with a beautiful scarf. Want a quick and easy long hairstyle that’ll impress? Weave ribbon through a side braid and voila, you’ll have a fancy looking style in a matter of seconds.

The 4 Best Hair Dryers of 2024 Reviews by Wirecutter

Table Of Content

• Upgrade pick: Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer
• Limited gift edition Dyson Supersonic hair dryer
• How we picked and tested
• Latest CBS News Videos

However, after a few wash-and-go tests, our curly-haired testers found that they liked using the included DevaFuser attachment, a unique hand-shaped diffuser that helps dry curls and waves without losing definition. You can buy a universal-fit version of the DevaFuser for any attachment-compatible hair dryer. At 0.6 pounds, the Gold ’N Hot Ultra-Lightweight Dryer with Tourmaline is the lightest dryer we’ve tested. However, the measured air speed was only 45 mph, and we found the handle thick and awkward to hold. The Bio Ionic 10X Ultralight Speed Dryer is a tad lighter (0.92 pounds) than our top pick and has a slightly longer cord.

Upgrade pick: Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer

All of the dryers took more or less the same amount of time to dry hair. We took basic stats on our dryers, using a weather meter to test the speed and heat and a postage scale to weigh them. Often our own readings disagreed with the manufacturer-stated specs. If you can’t or don’t want to leave the house with wet hair, you need a hair dryer.

Limited gift edition Dyson Supersonic hair dryer

If you don’t care about weight, consider the InfinitiPro by Conair 1875-Watt Salon Performance AC Motor Styling Tool. Commonly found in drugstores, this dryer produces airflow that’s faster (65 mph) than that of our top pick and almost as hot (205 °F). At 1.3 pounds, however, it may feel heavy after you spend a couple of minutes holding it above your head. The 6-foot cord, though shorter than those on our other picks, is longer than those on most other inexpensive hair dryers. The buttons are easy to use, but the cool-shot button is a little small and harder to hold down than the cool-shot button on our top pick.

How we picked and tested

No dryer will make your hair exceptionally more voluminous and glossy than another. What your hair looks like comes down to technique, products, and, in large part, its natural characteristics. Despite the Supersonic’s flaws, compared with other dryers we’ve tested, this one truly feels like a luxury to use every day. The packaging for hair dryers is adorned with a ton of buzzwords and specs. Most of these “features” are useless at best and pseudoscience at worst.

Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer

The motor sits in the handle of the dryer rather than in the head. The handle is straight and a tad thicker than that of the Rusk W8less, too. Dyson says the motor placement makes the weight of the dryer more balanced, since it’s not top-heavy. The difference isn’t huge, but over weeks of using the Supersonic, we found ourselves appreciating the configuration. If you have trouble holding a typical dryer overhead, the weight distribution of this one might make gripping easier, a reader told us.

One tester, who usually requires two back-to-back appointments with a professional stylist at Drybar, now achieves similar drying and smoothing results with the RevAir in as little as 20 minutes. The RevAir has an exceptionally large footprint compared with most dryers. The entire corded machine weighs about 8 pounds and is the size of a toaster. The hose-attached handheld wand alone weighs more than our heavier dryer picks (around 2 pounds), but we found that this is not terribly problematic because very little motion is required to use it. The Hot Tools Professional Black Gold Turbo Ionic Salon Dryer (DC Motor) is extremely light at only 14 ounces. But it also has the most buttons and slides and switches of any hair dryer we’ve ever tested, including a cool-shot button, a power-boost slide, an ion select wheel, and switches for speed and temp—whew!

Best for thick, dense, or curly/coily/kinky hair

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Whether this sound is more pleasant, as the company claims, is a matter of personal opinion, though. As with any dryer, the sound of whooshing air is physically impossible to eliminate. You get a styling concentrator, a flyaway attachment, and a wide-toothed comb, plus a “gentle” air attachment and a diffuser. Despite what magazine lists and advertisements would have you believe, most hair dryers are one-size-fits-all.

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Some of her current favorites include Stanley cups and Alo Yoga workout sets. We look back at the life and career of the longtime host of "Sunday Morning," and "one of the most enduring and most endearing" people in broadcasting. The Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed early Tuesday, March 26 after a column was struck by a container ship that reportedly lost power, sending vehicles and people into the Patapsco River. Officials from the National Weather Service and the CDC are already warning Americans about record-high temperatures in the coming months thanks to seasonal changes in the La Niña climate pattern. With these rising temperatures, there's also a higher risk of wildfires and droughts.

The retro-looking Conair Pro Yellow Bird Hair Dryer is one of the hottest dryers we’ve tested (reaching over 245 °F). But at a pound and a half, it also ties for the heaviest dryer we’ve looked at. Its buttons are strangely placed and unlabeled, and it doesn’t have a cool shot. It used to be our favorite dryer that came with a straightening pick, but we now prefer the Pattern Blow Dryer. The RevAir is unlike any other hair-drying, heat-styling tool we’ve tested. For people with Type 3 or 4 curl patterns especially, this vacuum-like device is gentle on fragile strands and can cut down total drying time significantly.

The Revlon 1875-Watt Infrared Hair Dryer produced a wind speed of 45 mph (measured directly in front of the nozzle), slower than the speed we got from our picks. It weighs just over a pound, has a cord measuring 5.5 feet, and comes with a concentrator and a diffuser. But the mediocre specs, along with the gimmicky red lights that flash while you’re blow-drying, kept this dryer from being a pick, even though it was a particularly inexpensive model at the time of our tests. It weighs less than a pound, it has an 8-foot cord (one of the longest we found), it’s notably comfortable to hold, and overall it has the best combination of features we deem important.

Although the Dyson dryer’s feel and attachments are improvements over those of our other picks, we also found features we didn’t like and a few that we were neutral on. The Dyson Supersonic is currently available at Ulta in white and at Bluemercury in fuchsia. It comes with five magnetic styling attachments for all hair types. Its newest attachment hides flyaways in a single pass for smooth hair. At 1.3 pounds, it’s noticeably heavier to hold than the W8less, especially after several minutes of drying. Unlike on other dryers, the cool-shot button is wide, so holding it down for several seconds isn’t uncomfortable.

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11 Best Hair Dryers for Perfect Blowouts TIME Stamped.

Posted: Mon, 16 Oct 2023 19:03:17 GMT [source]

Among the models we tested, it tied for blowing the hottest and fastest air. If you have curly hair and prefer using a diffuser to dry it, you have to buy one separately (though it’s best to buy a hair dryer that comes with one). After putting in over 20 hours of research and spending over 70 hours testing 42 hair dryers, we’ve found that some are far more pleasant to hold and use than others. Because it provides an excellent experience for the price, we think the Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer is the best choice. Although the 1,875-watt Revlon Compact Styler is a wallet saver at around $10, the savings do not make up for the dryer’s added heft, its lack of attachments, and its reduced wind speeds compared with those of our picks.

"It's weighted appropriately so it relieves hand and arm fatigue. Lastly, it works so well on curly hair. It's been a game changer for me," the reviewer adds. Of the Dyson Supersonic lookalikes, the Karrong F350 seemed the most promising to us, but it ended up being half as fast, with no way to control speed separately from temperature—the hotter it got, the faster it got. Shark has released another hair dryer called the SpeedStyle, as well as a new hair tool, the SmoothStyle (which resembles the Revlon One-Step).

She tested countless health and wellness products from 2016 to 2018. The Hot Tools Pro Artist White Gold Digital Salon Dryer, the Panasonic Nanoe EH-NA65, and the Panasonic Nanoe EH-NA67 were all slower, heavier, and more expensive than the Rusk W8less. The InfinitiPro typically comes with a concentrator and a diffuser. Although these pieces snap onto the nozzle, they look as if they might screw on, which can be confusing at first.

Dyson Supersonic hair dryer: Is it time to buy one?

Table Of Content

• Best for thick, dense, or curly/coily/kinky hair
• Our pick: Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer
• The Lightweight Rusk W8less Beats All the Pricey Hair Dryers I’ve Tried. And It’s Under $100.
• Limited gift edition Dyson Supersonic hair dryer

But because it’s missing markings for the air-temperature settings, it’s impossible to determine at a glance which setting the brush is on. More importantly, it lacks an ALCI (appliance leakage current interrupter) safety plug, so if it shorts or is immersed in water, the device won’t automatically turn off and therefore could cause an electrical shock. Elchim offers an impressive warranty and repair program that covers all its hair dryers. At 1.2 pounds, however, the Elchim Classic 2001 is heavier than our picks, and we found the handle to be thick and awkward to hold. Although this dryer is just as fast as pricier models, it’s the heaviest of our traditional hair dryer picks, and its attachments can be hard to remove. The DevaDryer by DevaCurl is slower and heavier than our picks.

Best for thick, dense, or curly/coily/kinky hair

However, the dryer doesn’t have separate wind-speed and temperature-control settings (if you want hot air, it must also be fast). We found the position of the speed and heat buttons on the back of the dryer’s head less than ideal, and the cool-shot button is in an awkward spot at the very top of the handle. If you don’t change speeds and temperature a lot, though, the button locations might be a bonus, as they are hard to hit accidentally. Meanwhile, the cord has a small power bar near the plug, which itself is bulky.

Our pick: Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer

Wirecutter is the product recommendation service from The New York Times. Our journalists combine independent research with (occasionally) over-the-top testing so you can make quick and confident buying decisions. Whether it’s finding great products or discovering helpful advice, we’ll help you get it right (the first time).

The Lightweight Rusk W8less Beats All the Pricey Hair Dryers I’ve Tried. And It’s Under $100.

If you’re willing to splurge on a dryer, you might consider the Dyson Supersonic. It has consistently been our favorite to use since we first tested it in 2016. The motor sits in the handle, making the nozzle shorter and easier to maneuver.

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16 Hair Dryer Cyber Monday Deals 2023 for Elevated Styling.

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How to Dye Your Hair at Home (Even Though You Probably Shouldn’t)

It offers seven suction power levels and three heat settings (high, low, or the no-heat cool shot). Most hair dryers are effective at blowing hot air toward your head—sometimes quite fast—in order to speed along your hairstyling. It’s the small differences between models that can make a big difference overall, particularly with daily use. The EZ Dryer Ion is the most effective and efficient paddle-style hair dryer brush we tested.

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Best hair deal: Laifen Swift hair dryer on sale for only $119 at Amazon.

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But the buttons are positioned on the side, and they made the dryer hard for us to hold without getting poked in the hand. The Conair 1875-Watt 3-in-1 Ionic Styler has a long row of grills (and a brush attachment) instead of a circular nozzle. It gives you no way to attach a diffuser, which means you’re stuck with a single-purpose dryer.

Limited gift edition Dyson Supersonic hair dryer

The handle doesn’t vibrate at all, which wasn’t true of other “luxury” models we tested. It has a long, 9-foot cord, and it’s less grating noise-wise than other dryers. It also comes with five magnetic attachments, including a diffuser, all of which are exceptionally easy to add or remove mid-blowout.

Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer

The W8less is one of the lightest, fastest, and hottest dryers we’ve tried (1 pound, 55 mph, and over 245 °F, respectively). Those are the only features that matter for drying your hair efficiently. We also tried the Hot Tools One-Step Detachable Straight Dry Paddle Dryer and the Revlon One-Step Hair Dryer and Styler, both of which were clunkier, heavier, and slower to dry hair than the Conair.

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Compared with the Rusk W8less, the Amika Accomplice Compact Dryer (currently unavailable) is heavier, limited to a lower max temperature (215 °F), and double the price. However, its 9.5-foot cord ties with that of the GHD Helios for the second-longest cord among the dryers we’ve tried. One tester found that the heavier cord tired out her arms when she was drying the top of her head, though resting the power bar (which most dryers do not have) on the counter helped. The sound the Supersonic emits is a high-pitched whine, with none of the low rattle that other dryers put out.

The W8less comes with a concentrator, which is helpful for straightening hair, but it does not come with a diffuser. The gorgeous GHD Helios 1875W Advanced Professional Hair Dryer is heavier and slower than our pick, the Rusk W8less—and three times the price. However, at over 9.5 feet, its cord ties with that of the Amika Accomplice for the second-longest cord of any hair dryer we’ve tested, and this dryer is especially beautiful. It’s no more effective than our other picks, but if you want the most pleasant hair-drying experience possible, the Dyson Supersonic Hair Dryer provides that. This dryer has an unusual design that makes it extraordinarily nice to use. The Rusk W8less Professional 2000 Watt Dryer offers all the features you need in a hair dryer while costing a fraction of the price of a luxury model.

55 people injured after Los Angeles Metro collides with USC bus: Officials

Table Of Content

• people injured after Los Angeles Metro collides with USC bus: Officials
• MICHELIN-Starred Restaurants In California Wine Country
• Different Meats
• Ragtop Fern’s
• Growing Up on Los Angeles’s Black Barbecue
• Bludso’s Bar & Que

To help jog my memory, I sought out lifelong Los Angeles residents, and our conversations helped paint a picture of South LA barbecue — its long-forgotten history, the places still kicking, and how it endures. And the party was not complete until guests filled paper plates that regularly collapsed under the weight of ribs, potato salad, barbecue baked beans, and macaroni salad. I remember the grape Kool-Aid with lemon slices, and coolers full of soda cans that my sisters and I weren’t allowed to touch.

people injured after Los Angeles Metro collides with USC bus: Officials

I probably went to twenty different Love’s including the one Love’s Junior they operated (briefly) on Ventura Boulevard in Van Nuys. It was an attempt to repackage their cuisine into something that functioned like a fast food outlet. Had that experiment succeeded, I assume we’d have seen them in locations too small to handle a full-sized Love’s or in food courts.

MICHELIN-Starred Restaurants In California Wine Country

In Texas, barbecue barns grow dark from years of smoky build-up. Maple Block Meat Co. in Culver City has a different trajectory. The sleek restaurant from Mike Garrett, Daniel Weinstock, and opening pitmaster Adam Cole (now gone) sports wood and steel design, with a black drum smoker parked in the lot, next to cords of peach wood. Sausage links are made in-house and chicken is Mary’s free range. Maple Block prides themselves on sliced brisket (request fatty cuts) and pork spare ribs.

Different Meats

There has always been a ceiling to greater Los Angeles’s Texas-style barbecue scene, at least legally speaking. The only standby here is the baby back ribs which are brushed with their house-made Kansas City BBQ sauce. You can find other items like large beef ribs, brisket slices, and Chori-man green chorizo links.

Frankly, lots of folks would have no idea what an LA smoked beef rib was in the first place if it weren’t for the real Dr. Hogly Wogly, an actual pharmacist and former Piggly Wiggly delivery man, who earned the nickname from his wife. Unlike, say, the history of spice and heat in Los Angeles, a tracking timeline for barbecue is less about dates and more about broad periods of transition. As the region’s population boomed and diversified, so too did its culinary associations with smoked meat; the rise of social media, celebrity chefdom, and locally made smokers pushed those changes further. The proof is in the technique, which results in gorgeously cooked meats including beef ribs, baby backs, and incredible brisket.

Far from the delicate, salt-and-pepper-only Texas style of barbecue, this is a saucy place to get those hands reliably messy. Some of these barrels are salvaged, and typically by a third party selling them to businesses like barrel pit manufacturers, who recycle them. A barrel that once held oil can be transformed into a 15- to 25-gallon barbecue pit with two racks or more, or even a double-sized barrel pit painted red, green, or yellow, or with custom colors. But it’s still a bustling business with customers across the region from all walks of life. This spot is considered to serve up the best BBQ in Los Angeles.

Mooresville barbecue restaurant isn’t even a year old, but it’s among ‘America’s Best’ - Charlotte Observer

Mooresville barbecue restaurant isn’t even a year old, but it’s among ‘America’s Best’.

Posted: Fri, 15 Dec 2023 08:00:00 GMT [source]

Beef, Pork, Chicken & Turkey

All contribute to the great cacophony of how we cook with fire in Los Angeles. Our cooks have selected only choice cut of meat, pork & poultry direct from local farms and ranches. The boy, who currently remains unnamed, was transported to a local hospital where he died while the other child was found to have non-life-threatening injuries. "That afternoon, several children were playing in a bounce house when a strong gust of wind sent it airborne into the neighboring lot," Pinal County Sheriff's Office said. I bought a two-pound box of Mama’s chicken sausages and threw them on the grill at home. My touch was slightly less charred and crispy than the Pops version; he followed Mom’s direction to intentionally add a dark char.

Growing Up on Los Angeles’s Black Barbecue

After a few years, he opened this brick & mortar joint on West 3rd Street. The spot serves up pitch-perfect brisket, beef ribs, smoked chicken and pulled meat. They also serve various side dishes that you can choose from. Don’t forget to take home one of the restaurant’s signature BBQ sauces.

To pair your meat, they have a sweet house-made BBQ sauce crafted from coconut oil, tomato, and pineapple. Now, a year into business and with restaurant lines that snake down the block daily, Castillo is still fielding calls and DMs from hopeful pitmasters looking to take what he’s done in Orange County and apply it elsewhere. Some, like the closed Pearl’s in the Arts District, have tried to skirt the smoker rules with little success, while others, like the Swinging Door in North Hollywood, have gotten by simply by staying low-key.

By smoking what was in 2017 probably the best Texas meats in Los Angeles from an offset smoker in his yard, Bakman partially created the scene we see today. In 2018, Bakman opened Slab on West Third Street with the h.wood Group, where fans can find a box smoker version of his brisket, plus ribs, sides, and weekly pastrami. Barbecue restaurants sprang up across the city in the decades following the Great Migration, while backyard smoked meat hangouts and weekend church cookouts settled in as a vital part of community building across Los Angeles. Even today, some of the city’s most prominent barbecue families can trace their lineage back decades, if not further, to the waves of Black migration that shaped the area into what it is today. The 143 restaurants will ensure that you get an exceptional dining experience! Even better, it acts as a modern steakhouse by night and a BBQ joint by day!

There, he used a massive custom-built smoker to create Texas-style specialties. When it comes to the best BBQ joint in Eastside, very few restaurants can surpass Max City. This spot features a cool and friendly space that appeals to every BBQ lover. They were friendly and dependable and the food was pretty darned good. So you could often find me at the one on Pico Boulevard near Beverly or at the one on Hollywood Boulevard at Cherokee or at the one in Encino or the one in Pacific Palisades or any other one.

Today, the restaurant has 3 locations spread across South Loss Angeles. This has seen the Phillips clan being established as the first BBQ family in Southland. The joint is currently run by Burt Barkman, an Israeli native. Barkman joined the LA dining scene with his Trudy’s Underground BBQ joint at his home in Studio City.

Owner Kevin Bludso focuses on serving Texas-style BBQ to LA residents and guests at this spot. Before starting this joint, Kevin was working with the Los Angeles Corrections Department. There were some changes of ownership and some lawsuits in the Love’s operation. A lot of them closed and the ones that didn’t changed names. The Love’s in Brea, for instance, changed its name to Riley’s and went on serving the exact same menu for years.